Art. II Standards Handwriting Examination (002.0) — Demarcation of Handwriting Examination

Preliminary remark: In this context, handwriting also refers to signatures. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. The core function of Handwriting Examination is to determine whether samples of handwriting originate from one and the same writer. In addition, a handwriting examiner may express opinions on the motor state of the writer. These statements will refer only to the way the shape of the handwriting sample is produced by the writer’s movement. For instance, the motor state of the writer may be ‘tremor’ (for example due to Parkinsonism, substance abuse, emotion). The effects of the tremor may be visible in the handwritten trace. In such a case, it would be justifiable to mention the presence of ‘tremor’, but not its cause. In addition to formulating conclusions regarding the origin of the handwriting, a handwriting examiner may also formulate a conclusion on the process of production (for example whether a signature is the product of a copying process). Although irregularities in the writing trace and pen pressure transitions may clearly indicate − i.e. constitute visible evidence of − for instance, interruptions in the writing process, it falls outside the scope of the handwriting examiner to make statements about the writer’s mental or physical state or personality traits. Field of law: criminal law. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. A handwriting examination is carried out by assessing geometric2Geometric features refer to angles, lengths, distances and areas that can be measured from the shapes of the written ink trace. An example would be the ratio of the length of the ascender (stick) of a letter <b> to the corpus height of its belly. Geometric features are usually quantitative (See: geometry in mathematics). and structural,3Structural features refer to unique shapes or patterns that are either present or absent, such as loops, crossings, hooks, ligatures, curls etc. (See: topology in mathematics). Structural features, if present, are helpful in reporting because they can be more easily verbalized and explained to non experts than is usually the case in quantitative geometric features. visual features of the text, as well as detailed and measurable characteristics of the writing trace which are the result of the deposition process of the writing instrument, the force applied by the writing instrument (pen pressure) and the temporal order of the writing movements.4The analysis of ink-deposition features or the indentation pattern on the back of a document will usually require microscopy and/or special equipment such as an electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA). An example of an ink-deposition feature is periodic striation in the ink trace caused by the rolling ball of a ballpoint pen, indicating aspects of writing direction and speed.The features associated with the questioned sample are then compared with the features of the known writing. In general, the degree of similarity or dissimilarity of features may be seen as a measure of evidence for the hypothesis of common origin. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. Described below are those tasks in which a handwriting examiner does not engage and which are excluded from the field of Handwriting Examination. A handwriting examiner will make no further inferences or answer any questions as to the writer of a sample that is being analyzed other than those mentioned above. A handwriting examiner will only express opinions based on handwriting samples written in a script type which falls within his expertise. For most European handwriting examiners, this will be Latin script (as opposed to for example Cyrillic or Arabic script). An exception may be made for signatures. Signatures can be legible (text-based) or illegible (stylized). Signatures in a script unfamiliar to the examiner can to some extent be processed like illegible signatures. The opinions of a handwriting examiner always have to be corroborated by reference to observable features in the writing trace. A handwriting examiner must have sufficient knowledge to be able to decide whether the services of a document examiner are required. The following activities emphatically do not belong to the field of expertise of handwriting examiners: formulating conclusions on any personality traits of the writer on the basis of his handwriting; formulating conclusions on the general or incidental mental or physical state of the writer on the basis of his handwriting; formulating conclusions on the basis of the linguistic features of a handwritten text. However, a handwriting examiner may describe spelling features and punctuation typicalities; formulating conclusions on samples collected from PCs. These require a specific expertise with a demonstrable experience. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. The register will record the name of the relevant expert as an expert in the field of Handwriting Examination. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte. De datum van inwerkingtreding ligt voor de datum van uitgifte.

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