22.1 § 1 Space stations shall be fitted with devices to ensure immediate cessation of their radio emissions by telecommand, whenever such cessation is required under the provisions of these Regulations.
22.2 § 2 1) Non-geostationary-satellite systems shall not cause unacceptable interference to and, unless otherwise specified in these Regulations, shall not claim protection from geostationary-satellite networks in the fixed-satellite service and the broadcasting-satellite service operating in accordance with these Regulations. No. 5.43A does not apply in this case. (WRC-07)
22.3 2) Whenever the emissions from geostationary satellites in the inter-satellite service are directed towards space stations at distances from Earth greater than that of the geostationary-satellite orbit, the boresight of the antenna mainbeam of the geostationary satellite shall not be pointed within 15° of any point on the geostationary-satellite orbit.
22.4 § 3 In the frequency band 29.95-30 GHz space stations in the Earth exploration-satellite service on board geostationary satellites and operating with space stations in the same service on board non-geostationary satellites shall have the following restriction:
Whenever the emissions from the geostationary satellites are directed towards the geostationary-satellite orbit and cause unacceptable interference to any geostationary-satellite space system in the fixed-satellite service, these emissions shall be reduced to a level at or less than accepted interference.
22.5 § 4 In the frequency band 8 025-8 400 MHz, which the Earth exploration-satellite service using non-geostationary satellites shares with the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space) or the meteorological-satellite service (Earth-to-space), the maximum power flux-density produced at the geostationary-satellite orbit by any Earth exploration-satellite service space station shall not exceed −174 dB(W/m2) in any 4 kHz band.
22.5A § 5 In the frequency band 6 700-7 075 MHz, the maximum aggregate power flux-density produced at the geostationary-satellite orbit and within ±5° of inclination around the geostationary-satellite orbit by a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service shall not exceed −168 dB(W/m2) in any 4 kHz band. The maximum aggregate power flux-density shall be calculated in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R S.1256-0. (WRC-15)
22.5B (SUP – WRC-2000)
22.5C § 6 1) The equivalent power flux-density103), epfd.ϑ, at any point on the Earth’s surface visible from the geostationary-satellite orbit, produced by emissions from all the space stations of a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E, including emissions from a reflecting satellite, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation, shall not exceed the limits given in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E for the given percentages of time. These limits relate to the equivalent power flux-density which would be obtained under free-space propagation conditions, into a reference antenna and in the reference bandwidth specified in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E, for all pointing directions towards the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-03)
103)22.5C.1 The equivalent power flux-density is defined as the sum of the power flux-densities produced at a geostationary-satellite system receive station on the Earth’s surface or in the geostationary orbit, as appropriate, by all the transmit stations within a non-geostationary-satellite system, taking into account the off-axis discrimination of a reference receiving antenna assumed to be pointing in its nominal direction. The equivalent power flux-density is calculated using the following formula:
where:
Na: number of transmit stations in the non-geostationary-satellite system that are visible from the geostationary-satellite system receive station considered on the Earth's surface or in the geostationary orbit, as appropriate
i: index of the transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system
Pi: RF power at the input of the antenna of the transmit station, considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system (dBW) in the reference bandwidth
θi: off-axis angle between the boresight of the transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system and the direction of the geostationary-satellite system receive station
Gt(θi): transmit antenna gain (as a ratio) of the station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system in the direction of the geostationary-satellite system receive station
di: distance (m) between the transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system and the geostationary-satellite system receive station
φi: off-axis angle between the boresight of the antenna of the geostationary-satellite system receive station and the direction of the i-th transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system
Gr(φi): receive antenna gain (as a ratio) of the geostationary-satellite system receive station in the direction of the i-th transmit station considered in the non-geostationary-satellite system
Gr,max: maximum gain (as a ratio) of the antenna of the geostationary-satellite system receive station
epfd: computed equivalent power flux-density (dB(W/m2)) in the reference bandwidth. (WRC-2000)
22.5CA 2) The limits given in Tables 22-1A to 22-1E may be exceeded on the territory of any country whose administration has so agreed (see also Resolution 140 (WRC-03)104)Note by the Secretariat: This Resolution was revised by WRC-15.. (WRC-03)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna diameter and reference radiation pattern5)
10.7-11.7 in all
Regions;
11.7-12.2
in Region 2;
12.2-12.5
in Region 3 and
12.5-12.75
in Regions 1 and 3
−175.4
−174
−170.8
−165.3
−160.4
−160
−160
0
90
99
99.73
99.991
99.997
100
40
60 cm
Recommendation
ITU-R S.1428-1
−181.9
−178.4
−173.4
−173
−164
−161.6
−161.4
−160.8
−160.5
−160
−160
0
99.5
99.74
99.857
99.954
99.984
99.991
99.997
99.997
99.9993
100
40
1.2 m Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−190.45
−189.45
−187.45
−182.4
−182
−168
−164
−162
−160
−160
0
90
99.5
99.7
99.855
99.971
99.988
99.995
99.999
100
40
3 m
Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−195.45
−195.45
−190
−190
−172.5
−160
−160
0
99
99.65
99.71
99.99
99.998
100
40
10 m
Recommendation
ITU-R S.1428-1
1)22.5C.2 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service system receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.3 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the Plan of Appendix 30B will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5C.4 In addition to the limits shown in Table 22-1A, the following single-entry epfd.ϑ limits apply to all antenna sizes greater than 60 cm in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-1A:
4)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd.ϑ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
5)22.5C.6 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service systems into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. (WRC-03)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna diameter and reference radiation pattern4)
17.8-18.6
−175.4
−175.4
−172.5
−167
−164
−164
0
90
99
99.714
99.971
100
40
1 m Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−161.4
−161.4
−158.5
−153
−150
−150
0
90
99
99.714
99.971
100
1 000
−178.4
−178.4
−171.4
−170.5
−166
−164
−164
0
99.4
99.9
99.913
99.971
99.977
100
40
2 m Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−164.4
−164.4
−157.4
−156.5
−152
−150
−150
0
99.4
99.9
99.913
99.971
99.977
100
1 000
−185.4
−185.4
−180
−180
−172
−164
−164
0
99.8
99.8
99.943
99.943
99.998
100
40
5 m Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−171.4
−171.4
−166
−166
−158
−150
−150
0
99.8
99.8
99.943
99.943
99.998
100
1 000
1)22.5C.2 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service system receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd.ϑ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5C.7 A non-geostationary-satellite system shall meet the limits of this Table in both the 40 kHz and the 1 MHz reference bandwidths. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5C.6 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service systems into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. (WRC-03)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna diameter and reference radiation pattern4)
19.7-20.2
−187.4
−182
−172
−154
−154
0
71.429
97.143
99.983
100
40
70 cm Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−173.4
−168
−158
−140
−140
0
71.429
97.143
99.983
100
1 000
−190.4
−181.4
−170.4
−168.6
−165
−160
−154
−154
0
91
99.8
99.8
99.943
99.943
99.997
100
40
90 cm Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−176.4
−167.4
−156.4
−154.6
−151
−146
−140
−140
0
91
99.8
99.8
99.943
99.943
99.997
100
1 000
−196.4
−162
−154
−154
0
99.98
99.99943
100
40
2.5 m Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−182.4
−148
−140
−140
0
99.98
99.99943
100
1 000
−200.4
−189.4
−187.8
−184
−175
−164.2
−154.6
−154
−154
0
90
94
97.143
99.886
99.99
99.999
99.9992
100
40
5 m Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1
−186.4
−175.4
−173.8
−170
−161
−150.2
−140.6
−140
−140
0
90
94
97.143
99.886
99.99
99.999
99.9992
100
1 000
1)22.5C.2 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service system receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd.ϑ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5C.7 A non-geostationary-satellite system shall meet the limits of this Table in both the 40 kHz and the 1 MHz reference bandwidths. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5C.6 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.1428-1 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service systems into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. (WRC-03)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna diameter and reference radiation pattern5)
11.7-12.5
in Region 1;
11.7-12.2 and
12.5-12.75
in Region 3;
12.2-12.7
in Region 2
−165.841
−165.541
−164.041
−158.6
−158.6
−158.33
−158.33
0
25
96
98.857
99.429
99.429
100
40
30 cm Recommendation
ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−175.441
−172.441
−169.441
−164
−160.75
−160
−160
0
66
97.75
99.357
99.809
99.986
100
40
45 cm Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−176.441
−173.191
−167.75
−162
−161
−160.2
−160
−160
0
97.8
99.371
99.886
99.943
99.971
99.997
100
40
60 cm Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−178.94
−178.44
−176.44
−171
−165.5
−163
−161
−160
−160
0
33
98
99.429
99.714
99.857
99.943
99.991
100
40
90 cm
Recommendation
ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−182.44
−180.69
−179.19
−178.44
−174.94
−173.75
−173
−169.5
−167.8
−164
−161.9
−161
−160.4
−160
0
90
98.9
98.9
99.5
99.68
99.68
99.85
99.915
99.94
99.97
99.99
99.998
100
40
120 cm
Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−184.941
−184.101
−181.691
−176.25
−163.25
−161.5
−160.35
−160
−160
0
33
98.5
99.571
99.946
99.974
99.993
99.999
100
40
180 cm
Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−187.441
−186.341
−183.441
−178
−164.4
−161.9
−160.5
−160
−160
0
33
99.25
99.786
99.957
99.983
99.994
99.999
100
40
240 cm
Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
−191.941
−189.441
−185.941
−180.5
−173
−167
−162
−160
−160
0
33
99.5
99.857
99.914
99.951
99.983
99.991
100
40
300 cm
Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3,
Annex 1
1)22.5C.5 For each reference antenna diameter, the limit consists of the complete curve on a plot which is linear (dB) for the epfd.ϑ levels and logarithmic for the time percentages, with straight lines joining the data points. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5C.8 For broadcasting-satellite service antenna diameters 180 cm, 240 cm and 300 cm, in addition to the single-entry limits shown in Table 22-1D, the following single-entry 100% of the time epfd.ϑ limits also apply in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-1D:
3)22.5C.9 For a broadcasting-satellite service earth station antenna diameter of 240 cm, in addition to the single-entry 100% of the time epfd.ϑ limit specified in No. 22.5C.8 to this Table, a single-entry 100% of the time operational epfd.ϑ limit is specified in Table 22-4C. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5C.10 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the Plans of Appendix 30 will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
5)22.5C.11 For this Table, reference patterns of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R BO.1443-3 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service into geostationary-satellite systems in the broadcasting-satellite service. (WRC-15)
Frequency band (MHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna diameter and reference radiation pattern (m)
3 700-4 200
−195.4
100
4
1.81)
−197.9
100
4
2.41)
−201.6
100
4
3.71)
−203.3
100
4
4.51)
−204.5
100
4
5.51)
−207.5
100
4
81)
−208.5
100
4
101)
−212.0
100
4
151)
1) 22.5C.12 The associated reference radiation pattern is defined as follows:
22.5D 3) The equivalent power flux-density10522.5D.1 See No. 22.5C.1. (WRC-2000), epfdι, produced at any point in the geostationary-satellite orbit by emissions from all the earth stations in a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-2, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation, shall not exceed the limits given in Table 22-2 for the specified percentages of time. These limits relate to the equivalent power flux-density which would be obtained under free-space propagation conditions, into a reference antenna and in the reference bandwidth specified in Table 22-2, for all pointing directions towards the Earth’s surface visible from any given location in the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-2000)
Frequency band
epfdι (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time epfdι level may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna beamwidth and reference radiation pattern2)
5 925-6 725 MHz
−183.0
100
4
1.5°
Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4, Ls = −20
12.5-12.75 GHz
12.75-13.25 GHz
13.75-14.5 GHz
−160
100
40
4° Recommendation
ITU-R S.672-4, Ls = −20
17.3-18.1 GHz
(Regions 1 and 3)
17.8-18.1 GHz
(Region 2)3)
−160
100
40
4° Recommendation
ITU-R S.672-4, Ls = −20
27.5-28.6 GHz
−162
100
40
1.55°
Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4, Ls = −10
29.5-30 GHz
−162
100
40
1.55°
Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4, Ls = −10
1)22.5D.2 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the Plans of Appendices 30A and 30B will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5D.3 For this Table, reference patterns of Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. For the case of Ls = −10, the values α = 1.83 and b = 6.32 shall be used in the equations in Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4 for single-feed circular beams. In all cases of Ls, the parabolic main beam equation shall start at zero. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5D.4 This epfd↑ level also applies to the frequency band 17.3-17.8 GHz to protect broadcasting-satellite service feeder links in Region 2 from non-geostationary fixed-satellite service Earth-to-space transmissions in Regions 1 and 3. (WRC-2000)
22.5E (SUP – WRC-2000)
22.5F 4) The equivalent power flux-density106)22.5F.1 See No. 22.5C.1. (WRC-2000), epfdis, produced at any point in the geostationary-satellite orbit by emissions from all the space stations in a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-3, including emissions from a reflecting satellite, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation, shall not exceed the limits given in Table 22-3 for the specified percentages of time. These limits relate to the equivalent power flux-density which would be obtained under free-space propagation conditions into a reference antenna and in the reference bandwidth specified in Table 22-3, for all pointing directions towards the Earth’s surface visible from any given location in the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-2000)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfdis (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfdis level may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Reference antenna beamwidth and reference radiation pattern2)
10.7-11.7
(Region 1)
12.5-12.75
(Region 1)
12.7-12.75
(Region 2)
−160
100
40
4°
Recommendation
ITU-R S.672-4,
Ls = −20
17.8-18.4
−160
100
40
4°
Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4,
Ls = −20
1)22.5F.2 In meeting these limits, the administrations intending to develop such systems shall ensure that the assignments appearing in the feeder-link Plans of Appendix 30A will be fully protected. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5F.3 In this Table, the reference pattern of Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4 shall be used only for the calculation of interference from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service into geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. In applying the equations of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R S.672-4, the parabolic main beam equation shall start at zero. (WRC-2000)
22.5G (SUP – WRC-2000)
22.5H 5) The limits specified in Nos. 22.5C (except for Table 22-1E) to 22.5D (except for Table 22-2 for the frequency band 5 925-6 725 MHz) and 22.5F apply to non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, has been received by the Bureau after 22 November 1997. The limits specified in Table 22-1E and those specified in Table 22-2 for the frequency band 5 925-6 725 MHz apply to non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service for which complete notification information has been received by the Bureau after 5 July 2003. The limits in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1, 22-4B and 22-4C do not apply to non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, has been received by the Bureau before 22 November 1997. (WRC-03)
22.5I 6) An administration operating a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service which is in compliance with the limits in Nos. 22.5C, 22.5D and 22.5F shall be considered as having fulfilled its obligations under No. 22.2 with respect to any geostationary-satellite network, irrespective of the dates of receipt by the Bureau of the complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, for the non-geostationary-satellite system and the geostationary-satellite network, provided that the epfd↓ radiated by the non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service into any operating geostationary fixed-satellite service earth station does not exceed the operational and additional operational limits given in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1, 22-4B and 22-4C, when the diameter of the earth station antenna is equal to the values given in Table 22-4A, 22-4A1 or 22-4C, or the gain of the earth station is equal to or greater than the values given in Table 22-4B for the corresponding orbital inclination of the geostationary fixed-satellite service satellite. Except as otherwise agreed between concerned administrations, an administration operating a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service that is subject to the limits in Nos. 22.5C, 22.5D and 22.5F and which radiates epfd.ϑ into any operating geostationary fixed-satellite service earth station at levels in excess of the operational or additional operational limits given in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1, 22-4B and 22-4C, when the diameter of the earth station antenna is equal to the values given in Tables 22-4A, 22-4A1 or 22-4C, or the gain of the earth station is equal to or greater than the values given in Table 22-4B for the corresponding orbital inclination of the geostationary fixed-satellite service satellite, shall be considered to be in violation of its obligations under No. 22.2, and the provisions of Article 15 (Section V) apply. In addition, administrations are encouraged to use the relevant ITU-R Recommendations to determine whether such a violation has occurred. (WRC-03)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Geostationary-satellite system receive earth station antenna diameter4) (m)
Orbital inclination of the geostationary satellite (degrees)
10.7-11.7 in all Regions
11.7-12.2
in Region 2
12.2-12.5 in Region 3, and 12.5-12.75 in Regions 1 and 3
(prior to 31 December 2005)
−163
−166
−167.5
−169.5
100
40
3
6
9
≥ 18
≤ 2.5
−160
−163
−164.5
−166.5
100
40
3
6
9
≥ 18
> 2.5 and ≤ 4.5
10.7-11.7 in all Regions
11.7-12.2
in Region 2
12.2-12.5 in Region 3, and 12.5-12.75 in
Regions 1 and 3
(from 31 December 2005)
−161.25
−164
−165.5
−167.5
100
40
3
6
9
≥ 18
≤ 2.5
−158.25
−161
−162.5
−164.5
100
40
3
6
9
≥ 18
> 2.5 and ≤ 4.5
1)22.5H.1 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5H.2 In addition to the operational limits shown in Table 22-4A, the additional operational limits in Table 22-4A1 apply to certain geostationary fixed-satellite service earth station antenna sizes in the frequency bands listed in Table 22-4A. (WRC-2000)
3)22.5H.3 The operational limits on the epfd.ϑ radiated by non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service shall be the values given in No. 22.5C.4 or Table 22-4A, whichever are the more stringent. (WRC-2000)
4)22.5H.4 For antenna diameters between the values given in this Table, the limits are given by linear interpolation using a linear scale for epfd.ϑ (dB) and a logarithmic scale for antenna diameter (m). (WRC-2000)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/(m2 • 40 kHz)))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Geostationary-satellite system receive earth station antenna diameter (m)
−182
−179
−176
−171
−168
−165
−163
−161.25
−161.25
99.9
99.94
99.97
99.98
99.984
99.993
99.999
99.99975
100
3
−185
−183
−179
−175
−171
−168
−166
−166
99.97
99.98
99.99
99.996
99.998
99.999
99.9998
100
10
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Geostationary-satellite system receive earth station antenna gain (dBi)
Orbital inclination of geostationary satellite (degrees)
19.7-20.2
−157
−157
−155
100
100
100
40
40
40
≥ 49
≥ 432)
≥ 49
≤ 2.5
≤ 2.5
> 2.5 and ≤ 4.5
19.7-20.2
−143
−143
−141
100
100
100
1 000
1 000
1 000
≥ 49
≥ 432)
≥ 49
≤ 2.5
≤ 2.5
> 2.5 and ≤ 4.5
17.8-18.6
−164
−162
100
100
40
40
≥ 49
≥ 49
≤ 2.5
> 2.5 and ≤ 4.5
17.8-18.6
−150
−148
100
100
1 000
1 000
≥ 49
≥ 49
≤ 2.5
> 2.5 and ≤ 4.5
1)22.5H.1 For certain geostationary fixed-satellite service receive earth stations, see also Nos. 9.7A and 9.7B. (WRC-2000)
2)22.5H.5 The operational limit applies to non-geostationary-satellite systems operating at altitudes of 7 000 km or above in order to protect geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service employing adaptive coding. (WRC-2000)
Frequency band (GHz)
epfd.ϑ (dB(W/m2))
Percentage of time during which epfd.ϑ may not be exceeded
Reference bandwidth (kHz)
Geostationary-satellite system receive earth station antenna diameter (m)
Orbital inclination of geostationary satellite (degrees)
12.2-12.7 in Region 2
−167
100
40
≥ 2.4
≤ 0.5
1)22.5H.6 These limits apply into geostationary-satellite system earth stations located in Region 2 west of 140° W, north of 60° N, pointing toward geostationary satellites in the broadcasting-satellite service at 91° W, 101° W, 110° W, 119° W and 148° W with elevation angles greater than 5°. This limit is implemented during a transition period of 15 years. (WRC-2000)
22.5J 7) In case of force majeure, telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to non-geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service are not subject to the limits given in Table 22-2. (WRC-2000)
22.5K 8) Administrations operating or planning to operate non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service in the bands listed in Tables 22-1A to 22-1D of No. 22.5C will apply the provisions of Resolution 76 (WRC-2000)107)Note by the Secretariat: This Resolution was revised by WRC-15. to ensure that the actual aggregate interference into geostationary fixed-satellite service and geostationary broadcasting-satellite service networks caused by such systems operating co-frequency in these frequency bands does not exceed the aggregate power levels shown in Tables 1A to 1D of Resolution 76 (WRC-2000)107)Note by the Secretariat: This Resolution was revised by WRC-15.. In the event that an administration operating a geostationary-satellite network in conformity with the Radio Regulations identifies equivalent power flux-density levels from non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service which may be in excess of the aggregate limits contained in Tables 1A to 1D of Resolution 76 (WRC-2000)107)Note by the Secretariat: This Resolution was revised by WRC-15. , the administrations responsible for the non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service will apply the provisions contained in resolves 2 of Resolution 76 (WRC-2000)107)Note by the Secretariat: This Resolution was revised by WRC-15. . (WRC-2000)
Section III − Station keeping of space stations108)A.22.III.1 In the case of space stations on board geosynchronous satellites with circular orbits having an angle of inclination greater than 5°, the positional tolerance shall relate to the nodal point.
22.6 § 6 1) Space stations on board geostationary satellites which use any frequency band allocated to the fixed-satellite service or the broadcasting-satellite service109)22.6.1 Space stations in the broadcasting-satellite service on geostationary satellites operating in the band 11.7-12.7 GHz are exempted from these provisions but shall maintain their positions in accordance with Appendix 30:
22.7 a) shall have the capability of maintaining their positions within ±0.1° of the longitude of their nominal positions;
22.8 b) shall maintain their positions within ±0.1° of longitude of their nominal positions;
but
22.9 c) experimental stations on board geostationary satellites need not comply with No. 22.7 nor No. 22.8, but shall maintain their positions within ±0.5° of longitude of their nominal positions;
22.10 d) however, space stations need not comply with No. 22.8 nor No. 22.9 as appropriate as long as the satellite network to which the space station belongs does not cause unacceptable interference to any other satellite network whose space station complies with the limits given in Nos. 22.8 and 22.9.
22.11 2) Space stations on board geostationary satellites which do not use any frequency band allocated to the fixed-satellite service or the broadcasting-satellite service:
22.12 a) shall have the capability of maintaining their positions within ±0.5° of the longitude of their nominal positions;
22.13 b) shall maintain their positions within ±0.5° of longitude of their nominal positions;
but
22.14 c) need not comply with No. 22.13 as long as the satellite network to which the space station belongs does not cause unacceptable interference to any other satellite network whose space station complies with the limits given in No. 22.13.
22.15 3) Space stations110)22.15.1 Space stations in the broadcasting-satellite service on geostationary satellites operating in the band 11.7-12.7 GHz are exempted from these provisions but shall maintain their positions in accordance with Appendix 30 on board geostationary satellites which are put into service prior to 1 January 1987, with the advance publication information for the network having been published before 1 January 1982, are exempted from the provisions of Nos. 22.6 to 22.14 inclusive; however they
22.16 a) shall have the capability of maintaining their positions within ±1° of the longitude of their nominal positions, but efforts should be made to achieve a capability of maintaining their positions at least within ±0.5° of the longitude of their nominal positions;
22.17 b) shall maintain their positions within ±1° of longitude of their nominal positions;
but
22.18 c) need not comply with No. 22.17 as long as the satellite network to which the space station belongs does not cause unacceptable interference to any other satellite network whose space station complies with the limits given in No. 22.17.
22.19 § 7 1) The pointing direction of maximum radiation of any earthward beam of antennas on geostationary satellites111)22.19.1 Transmitting antennas of space stations in the broadcasting-satellite service operating in the band 11.7-12.7 GHz are not subject to these provisions but shall maintain their pointing accuracy in accordance with § 3.14.1 of Annex 5 to Appendix 30. shall be capable of being maintained within:
10 % of the half-power beamwidth relative to the nominal pointing direction, or
0.3° relative to the nominal pointing direction, whichever is greater. This position applies only when such a beam is intended for less than global coverage.
22.20 2) In the event that the beam is not rotationally symmetrical about the axis of maximum radiation, the tolerance in any plane containing this axis shall be related to the half power beamwidth in that plane.
22.21 3) This accuracy shall be maintained only if it is required to avoid unacceptable interference to other systems.
22.22 § 8 1) In the shielded zone of the Moon112)22.22.1 The shielded zone of the Moon comprises the area of the Moon’s surface and an adjacent volume of space which are shielded from emissions originating within a distance of 100 000 km from the centre of the Earth. emissions causing harmful interference to radio astronomy observations113)22.22.2 The level of harmful interference is determined by agreement between the administrations concerned, with the guidance of the relevant ITU-R Recommendations. and to other users of passive services shall be prohibited in the entire frequency spectrum except in the following bands:
22.23 a) the frequency bands allocated to the space research service using active sensors;
22.24 b) the frequency bands allocated to the space operation service, the Earth exploration-satellite service using active sensors, and the radiolocation service using stations on spaceborne platforms, which are required for the support of space research, as well as for radiocommunications and space research transmissions within the lunar shielded zone.
22.25 2) In frequency bands in which emissions are not prohibited by Nos. 22.22 to 22.24, radio astronomy observations and passive space research in the shielded zone of the Moon may be protected from harmful interference by agreement between administrations concerned.
Section VI − Off-axis power limits on earth stations of a geostationary-satellite network in the fixed-satellite service114)22.VI.1 The provisions of this section shall not be used for coordination of, or to evaluate interference between, geostationary fixed-satellite service networks (see No. 9.50.1). (WRC-2000),115)22.VI.2 Although the provisions of this section cover off-axis power limitations in all directions, the radiation pattern of geostationary fixed-satellite service earth station antennas in more than two orthogonal planes is not required. (WRC-2000)(WRC-2000)
22.26 § 9 The level of equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) emitted by an earth station of a geostationary-satellite network shall not exceed the following values for any off-axis angle ϕ which is 3° or more off the main-lobe axis of an earth station antenna:
Off-axis angle
Maximum e.i.r.p.
3° ≤ ϕ ≤ 7°
42 – 25 log ϕ dB(W/40 kHz)
7° < ϕ ≤ 9.2°
21 dB(W/40 kHz)
9.2° < ϕ ≤ 48°
45 – 25 log ϕ dB(W/40 kHz)
48° < ϕ ≤ 180°
3 dB(W/40 kHz)
(WRC-2000)
22.27 For frequency-modulated television emissions with energy dispersal, the limits in No. 22.26 above may be exceeded by up to 3 dB, provided that the off-axis total e.i.r.p. of the transmitted frequency-modulated television carrier does not exceed the following values:
Off-axis angle
Maximum e.i.r.p.
3° ≤ ϕ ≤ 7°
56 – 25 log ϕ dBW
7° < ϕ ≤ 9.2°
35 dBW
9.2° < ϕ ≤ 48°
59 – 25 log ϕ dBW
48° < ϕ ≤ 180°
17 dBW
(WRC-2000)
22.28 Frequency-modulated television carriers which operate without energy dispersal should be modulated at all times with programme material or appropriate test patterns. In this case, the off-axis total e.i.r.p. of the emitted frequency-modulated television carrier shall not exceed the following values:
Off-axis angle
Maximum e.i.r.p.
3° ≤ ϕ ≤ 7°
56 – 25 log ϕ dBW
7° < ϕ ≤ 9.2°
35 dBW
9.2° < ϕ ≤ 48°
59 – 25 log ϕ dBW
48° < ϕ ≤ 180°
17 dBW
(WRC-2000)
22.29 The e.i.r.p. limits given in Nos. 22.26, 22.27 and 22.28 are applicable in the following frequency bands allocated to the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space):
12.75-13.25 GHz
13.75-14 GHz
14-14.5 GHz. (WRC-97)
22.30 The e.i.r.p. limits given in Nos. 22.26, 22.27, 22.28 and 22.32 do not apply to earth station antennas in service or ready to be in service116)22.30.1 “Ready to be in service” relates to the case where antennas have been installed but the start of service has been delayed due to force majeure. (WRC-2000) prior to 2 June 2000, nor to earth stations associated with a satellite network in the fixed-satellite service for which complete coordination or notification information has been received before 2 June 2000. (WRC-2000)
22.31 Telecommand and ranging117)22.31.1 Measurement of the distance to the satellite. (WRC-2000) carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service in normal mode of operation (i.e. earth station transmitting telecommand and ranging carriers to a directional receiving antenna on the space station) may exceed the levels given in No. 22.26 by no more than 16 dB in the frequency bands 12.75-13.25 GHz and 13.75-14.5 GHz. In all other modes of operation, and in case of force majeure, telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service are exempted from the levels given in No. 22.26. (WRC-2000)
22.32 § 10 The level of equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) density emitted by an earth station in a geostationary-satellite network in the 29.5-30 GHz frequency band shall not exceed the following values for any off-axis angle ϕ which is 3° or more off the main-lobe axis of an earth station antenna:
Off-axis angle
Maximum e.i.r.p. density
3° ≤ ϕ ≤ 7°
28 – 25 log ϕ dB(W/40 kHz)
7° < ϕ ≤ 9.2°
7 dB(W/40 kHz)
9.2° < ϕ ≤ 48°
31 – 25 log ϕ dB(W/40 kHz)
48° < ϕ ≤ 180°
−1 dB(W/40 kHz)
(WRC-2000)
22.33 Not used. (WRC-2000)
22.34 Telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service in normal mode of operation (i.e. earth station transmitting telecommand and ranging carriers to a directional receiving antenna on the space station) may exceed the levels given in No. 22.32 by no more than 10 dB in the frequency band 29.5-30 GHz. In all other modes of operation, and in case of force majeure, telecommand and ranging carriers transmitted to geostationary satellites in the fixed-satellite service are exempted from the levels given in No. 22.32. (WRC-2000)
22.35 For geostationary-satellite systems in which the earth stations are expected to transmit simultaneously in the same 40 kHz band, e.g. for geostationary-satellite systems employing code-division multiple access, the maximum e.i.r.p. values given in No. 22.32 should be decreased by 10 log(N) dB, where N is the number of earth stations which are in the receive satellite beam of the satellite with which these earth stations are communicating and which are expected to transmit simultaneously on the same frequency. (WRC-2000)
22.36 Earth stations operating in the frequency band 29.5-30 GHz should be designed in such a manner that 90% of their peak off-axis e.i.r.p. density levels do not exceed the values given in No. 22.32. Further study is needed to determine the off-axis angular range over which these exceedences would be permitted, taking into account the interference level into adjacent satellites. The statistical processing of the off-axis e.i.r.p. density peaks should be carried out using the method given in the most recent version of Recommendation ITU-R S.732. (WRC-07)
22.37 The limits given in Nos. 22.26 to 22.28 and 22.32 apply under clear-sky conditions. During rain-fade conditions, the limits may be exceeded by earth stations when using uplink power control. (WRC-2000)
22.38 Earth stations in the fixed-satellite service operating in the 29.5-30 GHz band, which have lower elevation angles to the geostationary-satellite orbit, will require higher e.i.r.p. levels relative to the same terminals at higher elevation angles to achieve the same power flux-densities at the geostationary-satellite orbit, due to the combined effect of increased distance and atmospheric absorption. Earth stations with low elevation angles may exceed the levels given in No. 22.32 by the following amounts:
Elevation angle to geostationary-satellite orbit, ε
Increase in e.i.r.p. density (dB)
ε ≤ 5°
2.5
5° < ε ≤ 30°
0.1(25 − ε) + 0.5
(WRC-2000)
22.39 The values in No. 22.32 applicable to the off-axis angle range from 48° to 180° are intended to account for spillover effects. (WRC-2000)
22.40 Under assumed free-space propagation conditions, the power flux-density emitted by an earth station of a geostationary-satellite network not for feeder links for the broadcasting-satellite service in the frequency bands 14.5-14.75 GHz in countries listed in Resolution 163 (WRC-15) and 14.50-14.8 GHz in countries listed in Resolution 164 (WRC-15) shall not exceed the value of −76 dB(W/(m2 • 27 MHz)) at any point in the geostationary-satellite orbit. (WRC-15)
CHAPTER VI
Artikel 22
Space services102)A.22.1 In applying the provisions of this Article, the level of accepted interference (see No. 1.168) shall be fixed by agreement between the administrations concerned, using the relevant ITU-R Recommendations as a guide.
Onderdeel van Radioreglement 1979· Informatierecht
Deze tekst geldt sinds 1 januari 2017